Machine Learning Simulators

AdaBoost Simulator — Boosting Weak Classifiers

Machine Learning

AdaBoost simulator using depth-1 decision stumps. Visualize sample weights and the final decision boundary in real time to see why weak learners combine into a strong classifier.

Adam Optimizer Simulator

Machine Learning

Adam Optimizer Simulator: Experience Adam, the workhorse algorithm behind deep-learning training. Adjust the learning rate, β₁ and β₂ to watch how the combin…

1D Linear Autoencoder Simulator — Compression Equivalent to PCA

Machine Learning

1D linear autoencoder simulator for signal compression via PCA-equivalent bottleneck. Train neural networks to compress high-dimensional data.

Batch Normalization Simulator

Machine Learning

Batch Normalization Simulator: Visualize batch normalization, the technique that stabilizes the training of deep neural networks. Adjust the mini-batch mean …

Bias-Variance Tradeoff Simulator

Machine Learning

Bias-Variance Tradeoff Simulator: A tool that decomposes the generalisation error of machine learning into three parts — bias², variance and noise. Change th…

Collaborative Filtering Simulator

Machine Learning

Collaborative Filtering Simulator: Explore the recommendation algorithm behind "customers who bought this also bought…" — collaborative filtering. Adjust the…

Confusion Matrix Metrics Simulator

Machine Learning

Calculate precision, recall, F1, and specificity from a confusion matrix and visualize false-positive/false-negative tradeoffs.

Cross-Entropy vs MSE Loss Simulator

Machine Learning

Cross-Entropy vs MSE Loss Simulator: A tool to feel why binary classification uses cross-entropy rather than mean squared error (MSE). Move the input logit z…

k-Fold Cross-Validation Simulator

Machine Learning

k-Fold Cross-Validation Simulator: Interactive tool for bias-variance tradeoff analysis, model validation, and generalization gap estimation with real-time MSE updates.'s ability to generalize to unseen data. Drag the samp…

DBSCAN Simulator — Density-Based Clustering

Machine Learning

DBSCAN Simulator for density-based clustering: visualize core points, border points, and noise classification with adjustable epsilon and minimum points parameters.

Decision Analysis & Expected Value Calculator — EMV & Decision Tree

Machine Learning

Calculate Expected Monetary Value (EMV) and visualize decision trees. Use our tool for probability distributions and tornado sensitivity analysis in decision-making.

Decision Tree Impurity — Gini, Entropy and Misclassification

Machine Learning

Compare Gini impurity, Shannon entropy and misclassification rate for two-class splits in real time. Adjust class ratio and child node purity to compute the information gain.

Dropout Regularization Simulator

Machine Learning

Dropout Regularization Simulator: Explore "dropout", the technique that curbs overfitting in neural networks. Change the keep probability p and the layer wid…

Elastic Net Regression Simulator

Machine Learning

Elastic Net Regression Simulator: Move the L1/L2 mixing ratio α and the regularization strength λ in the Elastic Net estimator (Zou & Hastie 2005) and wa…

EM Algorithm (1D GMM) Simulator

Machine Learning

The EM algorithm (1D GMM) simulator fits a two-component Gaussian mixture to data with iterative E and M steps and shows the log-likelihood rise monotonically.

EM Algorithm & Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) Simulator

Machine Learning

EM Algorithm & Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) Simulator compares how vibration or acoustic response and frequency behavior shifts as the main assumptions change.

Gaussian Process Regression — RBF Kernel & 95% Confidence Band

Machine Learning

Gaussian Process Regression simulator with RBF kernel and confidence bands. Adjust parameters in real time to learn Bayesian uncertainty quantification for predictive modeling.

Genetic Algorithm Optimizer

Machine Learning

Run GA optimization on Rastrigin, Ackley, Sphere, and Rosenbrock functions. Watch population evolve on fitness landscape.

Gradient Boosting Simulator

Machine Learning

Gradient Boosting Simulator: Gradient boosting builds a strong predictor by fitting shallow regression trees — "weak learners" — to the residuals one at a ti…

Gradient Clipping Simulator

Machine Learning

Gradient Clipping Simulator: Explore gradient clipping, the standard fix for exploding gradients in deep learning. Change the clip threshold and learning rat…

Gradient Descent with Momentum Simulator

Machine Learning

Gradient Descent with Momentum Simulator: Experience the optimization algorithms behind machine-learning training. Adjust the learning rate and momentum coef…

Gradient Descent Optimizer Visualizer — SGD, Adam, RMSprop

Machine Learning

Visualize how SGD, Adam, and RMSprop navigate 2D loss landscapes in real time. Understand machine learning optimization algorithms interactively.

Hierarchical Clustering Simulator — Agglomerative & Dendrogram

Machine Learning

Hierarchical clustering simulator with live dendrogram. Switch single/complete/average linkage and cut at a distance threshold to control cluster count.

Image Convolution Kernel Simulator

Machine Learning

Experience the "convolution" that filters an image with a 3x3 kernel.

K-Fold Cross-Validation Simulator — Polynomial Degree Selection

Machine Learning

The K-fold cross-validation simulator fits polynomials to 1D data and picks the best degree by K-fold CV. Compare train MSE and CV MSE to see when overfitting starts.

k-Means Clustering Simulator

Machine Learning

Free interactive k-means clustering simulator. Change the cluster count k, the number of data points and the initialisation, and watch Lloyd's algorithm iterate, the WCSS converge and the elbow method pick k — all animated in the browser.

k-NN 2D Classifier Simulator — Decision Boundary and LOO Accuracy

Machine Learning

k-NN 2D Classifier Simulator: visualize decision boundaries and leave-one-out accuracy. Interactive tool for k-nearest neighbor classification and model validation.

Kriging Surrogate Model (Gaussian Process Regression) Simulator

Machine Learning

Kriging Surrogate Model (Gaussian Process Regression) Simulator: Replace expensive CFD/FEM evaluations with a Kriging (Gaussian Process Regression) surrogate…

Learning Curve Simulator — Diagnose Overfitting & Underfitting

Machine Learning

Diagnose whether a machine-learning model is overfitting or underfitting using the learning curve — the training error and validation error plotted against the amount of…

Learning Rate Schedule Simulator

Machine Learning

Learning Rate Schedule Simulator: Visualize the learning rate schedules used to train neural networks. Switch between step decay, exponential decay and cosin…

Linear SVM Simulator — Soft-Margin 2D Classification

Machine Learning

Train a linear SVM on 2D data via subgradient descent. Visualize the maximum-margin hyperplane, support vectors and the hinge-vs-L2 tradeoff controlled by C.

Logistic Regression (2D Binary Classifier) Simulator

Machine Learning

Interactive logistic regression simulator for 2D binary classification. Optimize sigmoid models with gradient descent, adjusting learning rate and regularization to visualize decision boundaries an…

Gaussian Naive Bayes Classifier Simulator — 2D, 3 Classes

Machine Learning

Visualize log-posteriors and decision boundaries of a 2D, three-class Gaussian Naive Bayes classifier. Move the query point, shift sigma and resample to see the effect.

Neural Network Visualizer — Forward & Backpropagation in Real Time

Machine Learning

Visualize and train neural networks in real time. Learn how forward propagation and backpropagation solve the XOR problem with interactive examples.

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Simulator — Eigendecomposition for 2D Data

Machine Learning

Visualize PCA on correlated 2D data in real time. Eigendecomposition of the 2x2 covariance matrix yields principal axes and explained variance ratios.

Perceptron Learning Simulator — Linear Classifier Convergence

Machine Learning

Perceptron learning simulator for 2-input linear classifier convergence. Visualize decision boundary training with adjustable learning rate and weights.

Policy Gradient Simulator

Machine Learning

Policy Gradient Simulator: Experience REINFORCE, a classic reinforcement-learning algorithm. On a continuous-action task, watch the mean of a Gaussian policy…

Pooling Layer Simulator — CNN

Machine Learning

Pooling Layer Simulator — CNN: Explore the pooling layer of a CNN (convolutional neural network). Switch between max pooling and average pooling, change the …

Q-Learning Simulator — Reinforcement Learning Gridworld

Machine Learning

Q-Learning Simulator — Reinforcement Learning Gridworld: Run Q-learning, the foundation of reinforcement learning, in a maze-like gridworld. Adjust the learn…

Random Forest Majority Vote — Bagging and Variance Reduction

Machine Learning

Learn how Random Forest majority voting reduces variance through bagging and ensemble aggregation. Simulate decision trees and bootstrap sampling for predictive modeling.

L1/L2 Regularization Simulator — Lasso vs Ridge

Machine Learning

Free L1 vs L2 regularization simulator for machine learning. Change the regularization strength λ and the original weights to compare Lasso's soft-threshold sparsity against Ridge's proportional shrinkage in real time.

Softmax and Cross-Entropy Loss — Core of Classification

Machine Learning

The Softmax and cross-entropy loss simulator turns three-class logits and a temperature parameter into a probability distribution and loss value in real time.

Spectral Clustering Simulator

Machine Learning

Treat pairwise affinities as a graph, take the leading k eigenvectors of the normalised Laplacian L=D^-1/2(D-W)D^-1/2, and run k-means in that embedded space. Watch spec…

Stochastic Gradient Langevin Dynamics (SGLD) Simulator

Machine Learning

Stochastic Gradient Langevin Dynamics (SGLD) Simulator: SGLD (Welling & Teh 2011) turns a stochastic-gradient optimiser into a Bayesian posterior sampler by …

TF-IDF Vectorizer Simulator

Machine Learning

TF-IDF Vectorizer Simulator: Explore TF-IDF, the classic recipe for turning text into numeric vectors a machine-learning model can use. Change the corpus siz…

Transformer Attention Basics Simulator

Machine Learning

Experience scaled dot-product attention, the heart of the Transformer, with just three tokens.

Weight Initialization Simulator — Xavier & He

Machine Learning

Weight Initialization Simulator — Xavier & He: Visualize how the activation variance evolves as an input signal forward-propagates through a deep neural netw…