Biomedical Engineering Simulators

How to Use

1. Select simulation category (blood flow CFD, cardiac output, hemodialysis, or fracture mechanics)
2. Input material properties: for bone use Young's modulus 15–25 GPa; for soft tissue use 0.01–0.1 MPa
3. Define boundary conditions: inlet velocity (m/s), pressure nodes (mmHg), applied load (N), or dialysate flow rate (mL/min)
4. Mesh domain with element sizes 0.1–1 mm for vascular geometry, 2–5 mm for bone
5. Run transient or steady-state solver and extract results: wall shear stress (Pa), displacement (mm), or clearance rate (%)

Worked Example

Femoral artery stenosis model: inlet velocity 0.4 m/s, blood viscosity 0.0035 Pa·s, artery diameter 6 mm with 70% occlusion. CFD analysis yields peak wall shear stress 8.5 Pa at stenosis throat. Downstream recirculation zone spans 15 mm with velocity recovery to 0.3 m/s. For fracture healing: tibia length 350 mm, E=17 GPa, mid-shaft load 2.5 kN bending moment produces 45 MPa peak stress and 3.2 mm deflection, requiring 8–12 week immobilization.

Practical Notes

1. Blood flow simulations require non-Newtonian viscosity models below shear rates of 100 s⁻¹ to capture hematocrit effects in capillaries
2. Dialysis membrane validation: target urea clearance 180–220 mL/min at blood flow 300 mL/min and dialysate flow 500 mL/min
3. Cardiac output estimation: multiply stroke volume (70 mL) by heart rate (72 bpm) = 5.04 L/min; validate against Fick principle using O₂ consumption 250 mL/min
4. Bone fracture FEA must include cancellous (E=0.5–1.0 GPa) and cortical (E=17–20 GPa) regions separately to predict callus formation zones