Rayleigh Method — Energy Method Back
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Energy Method

Rayleigh Method — Natural Frequency Estimation

Estimate beam natural frequency upper bounds with the Rayleigh quotient. Choose the shape function, compare with Dunkerley and FEM reference, and see the error in real time.

Parameters
Beam Type
Shape Function
Length L [m]1.0 m
Bending stiffness EI [N·m²]1000 N·m²
Mass/length ρA [kg/m]5.0 kg/m
Rayleigh estimate [Hz]
FEM reference [Hz]
Error [%]
Dunkerley [Hz]
Effective mass ratio

Theory

Rayleigh Quotient:

$$\omega_n^2 \approx R[\varphi] = \frac{\displaystyle\int_0^L EI\left(\frac{d^2\varphi}{dx^2}\right)^2 dx}{\displaystyle\int_0^L \rho A\,\varphi^2\, dx}$$

Cantilever assumed shape (polynomial): $\varphi(x) = x^2(3L - 2x)/(L^3)$

Dunkerley formula (with lumped masses):

$$\frac{1}{\omega_n^2} \approx \frac{1}{\omega_0^2} + \sum_i m_i \delta_{ii}$$

Cantilever exact: $f_n = \dfrac{1.875^2}{2\pi L^2}\sqrt{\dfrac{EI}{\rho A}}$

Upper bound property: $R[\varphi] \geq \omega_1^2$ (equality when $\varphi = \phi_1$)

Applications: Pre-FEM hand-calculation to verify order of magnitude / Quick mass-addition sensitivity study / Bracketing true frequency with Dunkerley lower bound / Cross-checking experimental modal test data. Static deflection shape typically gives <2% error.