$$P_{cr} = \frac{\pi^2 E I}{(KL)^2}$$
Euler buckling load (N): $E$ = Young's modulus (Pa), $I$ = second moment of area (m⁴), $K$ = effective length factor, $L$ = column length (m).
$$\sigma_{cr} = \frac{P_{cr}}{A} = \frac{\pi^2 E}{\lambda^2}$$
Critical stress (Pa): slenderness ratio $\lambda = KL/r$, radius of gyration $r = \sqrt{I/A}$.
$$\lambda_c = \pi\sqrt{\frac{E}{\sigma_Y}}$$
Critical slenderness ratio: above this value elastic buckling governs; below it, inelastic buckling (Johnson formula) applies.